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                <text>1920s&#13;
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                <text>These "real photographs" of Melrose Abbey in Scotland were issued by the Ancient Monuments Department, suggesting that the photographs were not only created as souvenirs for visitors, but that they also played a role in the documentation and preservation of historic monuments. Photography's usefulness in historic preservation was recognized early on; in 1851, the French &lt;em&gt;Commission des Monuments Historiques&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;launched the &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/heli/hd_heli.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mission &lt;span&gt;Héliographique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;, a project that employed five photographers &lt;/span&gt;to photograph historic sites across France.</text>
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                <text>1930&#13;
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                <text>These &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt; from Palestine could be collected as souvenirs or broken apart and sent through the mail. In this case, whoever first purchased the cards kept them intact.</text>
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                <text>The photographs included in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Calgary, the City Phenomenal&lt;/em&gt; help support the claim that Calgary is "the continent's fastest growing city" by emphasizing modern aspects of the city. The selection of photographs includes a train crossing an overpass, large and imposing buildings—including a city hall with a clocktower resembling London's Big Ben—a lineup of automobiles outside a firehall, and views of "a few of Calgary's many industries."</text>
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FC 106 C5 C46</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This group portrait, printed on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObveSq3cMkw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;albumen paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, was taken inside the first Chinese church in Victoria, BC. The act of taking group portraits like this one and the sharing of the resulting prints may have contributed to the construction of collective cultural identities in turn-of-the-century Victoria. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The black page on which the photograph is mounted suggests that the picture was originally included in an album, but it now stands on its own within Bruce Peel Special Collections as part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/chinese-experience-in-canada" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/chinese-experience-in-canada&amp;amp;source=gmail&amp;amp;ust=1619041375707000&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNGNN3GwrNQkyIUCRVDvMQ62lQ9-aw" rel="noopener"&gt;Chinese Experience in Canada Collection&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other examples of group portraits in the exhibition include a &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3065"&gt;portrait of plumbers and steamfitters&lt;/a&gt;, and a &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3098"&gt;portrait of a graduating class&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>undated&#13;
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                <text>This album, featuring photographs of Boy Scouts, was created by inserting each photograph's corners into slits cut into the pages of a "Scrap &amp;amp; Newscutting Book." News clippings included in the album suggest that it was assembled between 1918 and 1922 by a Boy Scout based in Armagh, Ireland.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This poster points toward the disciplinary use of photography described by art historian John Tagg in his book &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.photopedagogy.com/john-tagg.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Burden of Representation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Tagg observes that photographic technologies led to a "democracy of the image" in the latter half of the nineteenth century, with many more people represented in portraits than ever before. But Tagg explains that such portraits were not always honorific; sometimes portraits were a burden to their subjects, especially when the photographs were used to fix identities in pre-established categories. Such was the case with this poster, which identifies its subject, James Harry Finn, as a criminal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The “mugshot,” as it came to be known, and &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3100"&gt;identity cards&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;were standardized in nineteenth-century Paris by police photographer &lt;a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/visibleproofs/galleries/biographies/bertillon.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Alphonse Bertillon&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This poster was donated to Bruce Peel Special Collections by Jeffrey Moore.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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22.0 x 29.0 cm&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album of photographs records a "Northern Buffalo Hunt" in Alberta, as shown by a news clipping taped to the album's back cover and by the photographs, including one taken at the Embarras Airport in Northern Alberta. The album includes both black-and-white and colour photographs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/a-short-history-of-colour-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Colour photography&lt;/a&gt; was made practical in the twentieth century with the introduction of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/autochromes-the-dawn-of-colour-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;autochrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1906503,00.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Kodachrome film&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, but printing in colour was still prohibitively expensive for families before the second half of the twentieth century. It was cheaper to print Kodachrome film as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3159"&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;, which was one reason why family slideshows were popular in the middle of the twentieth century.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Though technological advancements such as the introduction of colour prints appear to offer a more realistic view of the world, it is important to recognize that the colours produced by photography are the result of chemical processes. These processes favour certain colours, and therefore &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d16LNHIEJzs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;certain skin tones&lt;/a&gt;, leading to what art historian Sarah Lewis has called&amp;nbsp; “&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/lens/sarah-lewis-racial-bias-photography.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;the racial bias built into photography&lt;/a&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;This album is part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/prairie-ephemera" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Prairie Ephemera Collection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Head Tax Certificate</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&amp;amp;IdNumber=161424" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Head tax certificates&lt;/a&gt;, as they came to be known, include photographs that attempt to fix identity in place. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The text that accompanies the photographic portrait categorizes the subject as a legal immigrant, showing that the head tax required by Canada's discriminatory &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Chinese Immigration Act was paid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Since only Chinese immigrants to Canada were required to pay a tax, the certificate also &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;signals the tenuous nature of the subject’s status. &lt;/span&gt;This certificate forms part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/chinese-experience-in-canada" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/chinese-experience-in-canada&amp;amp;source=gmail&amp;amp;ust=1619041375707000&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNGNN3GwrNQkyIUCRVDvMQ62lQ9-aw" rel="noopener"&gt;Chinese Experience in Canada Collection&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections. &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;For more information about the Chinese Immigration Act, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;span&gt; visit the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://humanrights.ca/story/the-chinese-head-tax-and-the-chinese-exclusion-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Canadian Museum for Human Rights&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Certificates like this one bring to mind the "&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3102"&gt;burden of representation&lt;/a&gt;" described by art historian John Tagg, as well as photography theorist &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://cargocollective.com/AriellaAzoulay/The-civil-contract-of-photography" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ariella Azoulay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;’s discussions of the role of photographs in both authorizing and denying citizenship. Azoulay calls attention to stateless people who have been excluded from official photographic records that fix their identities as citizens. In contrast, other forms of photography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;—&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;including the works of activists, artists, and photojournalists (such as in the case of &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3164"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Fight against Apartheid!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;—&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;can serve as powerful appeals for the restoration of citizenship.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>photographer unknown</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1913&#13;
17.0 x 23.5 cm&#13;
FC 106 C5 C46 (Box 9 File 39)</text>
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        <name>portrait</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1961&#13;
22.0 x 29.0 cm&#13;
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Little is known about this album of photographs, but it is noteworthy that it includes photographs of Japanese Canadian families in Canadian internment camps during World War II. Unlike &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/circulate-knowledge/1900-to-1969"&gt;documentary photographs&lt;/a&gt; taken by &lt;a href="https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/lang14.soc.ushist.intern/picturing-japanese-american-internment-dorothea-lange/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dorothea Lange of internment camps&lt;/a&gt; in the United States during World War II, which were meant to record the conditions of the camps, these are family snapshots that were never intended to circulate publicly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;For more information about the treatment of Japanese Canadians during World War II, visit the &lt;a href="https://humanrights.ca/story/japanese-canadian-internment-and-the-struggle-for-redress" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Canadian Museum for Human Rights.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>photographer unknown</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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18.6 x 24.2 cm&#13;
FC 3234.2 P732 PE000839</text>
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                <text>This group portrait of a graduating class in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, brings together 49 individual portraits, mostly sharing the same oval shape and similar poses, facing forward or turned slightly to the side. The similarities between them, and the regular rows in which they are arranged, suggest that this group of disparate individuals share in a collective identity. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This approach to the group portrait, where many individual portraits are assembled together, differs from the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3065"&gt;portrait of plumbers and steamfitters&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3104"&gt;portrait of members of the first Chinese church in Victoria, BC&lt;/a&gt; included in this exhibition. In the two latter examples,&lt;/span&gt; the photographs document moments when groups of people had gathered together in one place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;This album is part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/prairie-ephemera" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Prairie Ephemera Collection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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        </elementContainer>
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    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="14">
        <name>portrait</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
