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10
102
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Papillons Européens
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1890]
34.0 x 24.0 cm
QL 543 P36 1890z folio
Description
An account of the resource
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Papillons Europ</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">éens: Nocturnes, Crépusculaires, et Diurnes </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">demonstrates a method of recording specimens that predates photography: the </span><a href="https://herbariumworld.wordpress.com/2017/10/16/nature-printing-in-the-19th-century/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nature print</a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. With a </span>nature print<span style="font-weight: 400;">, the specimen itself is used to make an impression so that, as with photography, there is an </span><a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/what-is-photography">indexical</a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> relationship between the object and its representation. This example, from 1890, shows that nature printing continued to be used well after the introduction of photographic technologies. Here, </span>watercolour<span style="font-weight: 400;"> paints have been added to the prints.</span></p>
<p>Nature printing<span style="font-weight: 400;"> could also be achieved photographically, a process that was popular in the early decades of photography. The British botanist </span><a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/anna-atkins-cyanotypes-the-first-book-of-photographs.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anna Atkins</a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is well known for her prints (<a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3132">cyanotypes</a>) of botanical specimens</span><span>. Atkins published her photographs in 1843 as <a href="https://nhm.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/BookReaderViewer/44NHM_INST/12190875980002081" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i>Photographs of British Algae: cyanotype impressions</i></a>, and is today considered one of the first to produce a photographically-illustrated book. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /><strong><br /><br /></strong><br /></span></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
creator unknown
Anna Atkins
cyanotype
indexical
nature print
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Miscellaneous Objects as Seen With and Without the Microscope
Description
An account of the resource
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Miscellaneous Objects as Seen With and Without the Microscope</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> predates the introduction of photography. The visual notes it contains depend entirely on the artist's ability to not only record their observations, but to also remember what was seen through the microscope when they refocused on the page. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 1839, <a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1969/william-henry-fox-talbot-english-1800-1877/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">William Henry Fox Talbot</a> speculated on the application of photography to the microscope:</span></p>
<blockquote>The objects which the microscope unfolds to our view, curious and wonderful as they are, are often singularly complicated. The eye, indeed, many comprehend the whole which is presented to it in the field of view; but the powers of the pencil fail to express these minutiae of nature in their innumerable details. What artist could have skill or patience enough to copy them? or granting that he [<span style="font-weight: 400;"></span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">sic</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">]</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">could do so, must it not be at the expense of much most valuable time, which might be more usefully employed? Contemplating the beautiful picture which the solar microscope produces, the thought struck me, whether it might not be possible to cause that image to impress itself upon the paper, and thus to let Nature substitute her own inimitable pencil, for the imperfect, tedious, and almost hopeless attempt of copying a subject so intricate. (quoted in Goldberg 43)</span></blockquote>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Compare this example to an <a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3156">album of anatomical illustrations of a bee</a> from 1875</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which includes photomicrographs.</span></p>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1820]
15.8 x 9.4 cm
QL 466 M58 1820
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
creator unknown
daguerreotype
engraving
photomicrograph
William Henry Fox Talbot
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Portraits of the Emperor and Princess of Prussia
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Around the same time as photography’s discovery, <a href="https://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/collections/special_collections/george_baxter/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">George Baxter</a> developed a process of colour printing known as <a href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/explore/glossary-of-art-terms/chromolithograph" target="_blank" rel="noopener">chromolithography</a>, which he patented in 1835. The portraits of the Emperor and Princess of Prussia seen here employ that process in order to create r<span>ichly-coloured portraits that commemorate the powerful and the wealthy. In comparison to </span><a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3125">daguerreotypes</a><span><span><a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3125"> of middle-class patrons like that of Mrs Morrow</a>, these could be, and were intended to be, circulated widely in order to promote a public identity. </span></span></p>
<span style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">View Baxter's <i><a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3033">Cabinet of Paintings</a></i>, another example of the chromolithographic process, as well as the <a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/donald-and-barbara-cameron-collection-of-george-baxter-prints" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cameron Collection of George Baxter Prints</a>, housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.</span></span>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1855 <br />21.0 x 16.5 cm <br />NE 1860 B2 A7 P75 1858 (<em>Princess Royal, Princess of Prussia</em>) <br />NE 1860 B2 A7 V58 1855 (<em>Vive L'Empereur!</em>)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
George Baxter (creator)
chromolithography
daguerreotype
George Baxter
portrait
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Cabinet of Paintings
Description
An account of the resource
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/collections/special_collections/george_baxter/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">George Baxter</a>’s </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pictorial Album; or, Cabinet of Paintings </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">provides an example of how art reproductions circulated before the discovery of photography. Like the </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">portraits of the Emperor and Princess of Prussia</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, these reproductions are made with Baxter’s <a href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/explore/glossary-of-art-terms/chromolithograph" target="_blank" rel="noopener">chromolithography</a></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> process and form part of Bruce Peel Special Collections' <a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/donald-and-barbara-cameron-collection-of-george-baxter-prints" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cameron Collection of George Baxter Prints</a>.<br /><br /><br /></span></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
George Baxter (creator)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1837
24.5 x 18.4 cm
NE 1860 B2 C33 1837
art reproduction
chromolithography
George Baxter
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Art of Swimming
Description
An account of the resource
<em>The Art of Swimming</em> was published before the discovery of photography and includes <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/engraving" target="_blank" rel="noopener">engravings</a> as a means of circulating knowledge. As explained by the subtitle, the book contains "forty proper <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/curatorial-departments/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking/engraving#:~:text=Engraving%20is%20an%20intaglio%20printmaking,made%20of%20copper%20or%20zinc.&text=When%20pressure%20is%20applied%2C%20the,or%20groove%20in%20the%20plate." target="_blank" rel="noopener">copper-plate cuts</a>, which represent the different postures necessary to be used in that art, with advice for bathing."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Thévenot Melchisédec (author)
Barth Warren Sculp (engraver)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1764
8.0 x 5.3 cm
GV 837 T42 1764
engraving
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Encyclopédie
Description
An account of the resource
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The twenty-eight volumes of the <i>Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une societé de gens de lettres</i></span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">(also known as the <i>Encyclopédie</i></span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">) </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">was originally published in Paris between 1751 and 1772. The edition of the <i>Encyclopédie </i>held by Bruce Peel Special Collections was published in Geneva from 1771 to 1776. <br /><br />As an attempt to gather together and order all of the knowledge of the world, the </span><a href="https://library.wustl.edu/a-revolutionary-encyclopedia/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Encyclopédie</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">is a representative </span><a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/rococo-neoclassicism/rococo/a/a-beginners-guide-to-the-age-of-enlightenment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Enlightenment</a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> project (Bull 6-9). </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">With its eleven volumes of illustrations created by copperplate </span><a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/engraving" target="_blank" rel="noopener">engravings</a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Encyclopédie </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">also provides an example of how illustrations could be reproduced and disseminated prior to the discovery of photography. The images and texts were printed in separate volumes since they required two different techniques for printing. <br /><br />One of the plates shown here portrays a print shop, and shows how such illustrations would have been created. The print has an</span> <a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/what-is-photography">indexical</a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> relationship with the inked plate, but unlike a photograph, it does not hold an indexical relationship to t</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he thing that-is-seen in the illustration. <br /><br /></span>Another plate, captioned "Optique," explains the <a href="http://www.photographyhistoryfacts.com/photography-development-history/camera-obscura-history/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">principles of the camera obscura</a>, an enclosed box that could project the view from the outside world into its interior. The earliest photographs were created by combining the camera obscura with light-sensitive materials that could fix the view as a stable image. Note in particular the two pictures at the bottom of the page; the picture on the left demonstrates the principles of the camera obscura, while the picture on the right portrays a portable camera obscura with an added lens. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=me5ke7agyOw&t=145s" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Camera obscuras</a> like this one had been in use since at least the sixteenth century.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: 400;">Browse the <i>Encyclopédie</i>'s articles and plates at the <a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project</a>.</span></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Denis Diderot (author)
Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (author)
Pierre Mouchon (author)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1771
43.0 x 26.0 cm
AE 25 E56 1771 folio
engraving
Enlightenment
indexical
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Hoofs, Claws and Antlers of the Rocky Mountains by the Camera
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
A. G. Wallihan (photographer)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1894
29.5 x 26.0 cm
QL 706 W21 1890
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Hoofs, Claws and Antlers of the Rocky Mountains by the Camera</em> documents a trip through the Rocky Mountains, with an emphasis on the animals encountered (and hunted) along the way. The publication provides a good example of an early use of the <a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3044">halftone process</a>, which allowed photographs to be easily printed side by side with text, bringing about what historian Gerry Beegan has called “the mass image.” <br /><br />In its approach to photographic illustration, this publication is firmly rooted in nineteenth-century practices. This can be seen in the photograph captioned “Mr. Wallihan and his Camera,” where Mr Wallihan stands next to a large camera mounted on an even larger tripod in order to illustrate the photographer’s care and expertise. <br /><br />The publisher’s note informs us of the “extreme difficulty of securing first-class negatives under these conditions,” where “the photographer was rarely able to obtain the most favorable position or sunlight advantage.” As a result, not all of the photographs published here are by Mr and Mrs Wallihan: “In order to make the collection of wild animals found in the Rocky Mountains more complete, it has been necessary to use several photographs obtained by others.” <br /><br />These notes, as well as an introduction entitled “How We Made the Photographs,” and a title that announces the camera’s authorship (“by the Camera”), present photography as a remarkable mode of representation that requires specialized knowledge.<br /><br />A full scan of this item is available through the <a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924024575205/page/n3/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet Archive</a>.
Relation
A related resource
<span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span>
halftone
Rockies
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Animisme et Spiritisme
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1895
21.4 x 13.0 cm
BF 1262 A32 1895
Description
An account of the resource
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The practice known as </span><a href="https://history.nebraska.gov/blog/spirit-photography" target="_blank" rel="noopener">spirit photography</a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> pushes the limits of what we consider photographic by seeking to represent the spiritual, rather than the physical and visible, on the photographic plate. </span><span>The practice of spirit photography also points towards nineteenth-century tendencies to manipulate the image</span><span>—</span><span>a kind of photoshop before photoshop. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though we don’t consider a belief in spirits “scientific” today, this practice holds similarities to scientific practices that have sought to capture what is invisible to the human eye photographically, such as <a href="http://100photos.time.com/photos/wilhelm-conrad-rontgen-first-x-ray" target="_blank" rel="noopener">x-ray photographs</a> and </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Muybridge’s <a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3153">motion photographs</a>. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Of course the extent to which each of these examples is manipulated to produce an image of what was previously invisible varies. One of the most well-known nineteenth-century spirit photographers is <a href="https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-159-spiritual-developments-2-26-2021/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">William Mumler</a>, who claimed to have photographed Abraham Lincoln's ghost. <br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You will notice that <em>Animisme et Spiritisme </em>(Animism and Spiritualism) does not actually contain any photographs. Rather, it contains </span>engravings<span style="font-weight: 400;"> based on photographs, attesting to the continued difficulties of printing photographs side by side with text in an efficient manner. Yet it is noteworthy that the texts framing the engravings insist on their photographic origins. <br /><br />A full scan of this item is available through the <a href="https://archive.org/details/animismeetspiri00sandgoog/page/n10/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet Archive</a>.<br /><br /><br /></span></p>
Relation
A related resource
<p></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Alexandre Aksakof (author)
photographer unknown
engraving
-
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/579935d74387887fb5b744cd4651e685.jpg
bcb1e7f22964d7683601f5d68a6c7d77
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/96c2e699f09c1077cb89969ac5db5f5b.jpg
682fbefd7d05f1afd0557022f5399df0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Panoramic Photograph
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1911-1912
8.1 x 30.7 cm
FC 3234.2 P732 PE000893
Description
An account of the resource
<span style="font-weight: 400;">This </span>panoramic photograph<span style="font-weight: 400;"> was created from three different prints, as we can see from the seams between the photographs.<br /><br />For another example of a panoramic photographic, see the <a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3065">group portrait of plumbers and steamfitters</a>.<br /><br /><span>This album is part of the </span><a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/prairie-ephemera" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prairie Ephemera Collection</a><span> housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.</span><br /></span>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
photographer unknown
-
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/2d55e79a34e1aa552155a2477758eb6b.jpg
5877a8154ea26bf479422f7d34306295
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/f47e7d0d180c8483619f7b2738ae422b.jpg
976e42aec822d8db4c5fcac74eca7b18
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/1af27b3371d51699980c58935a527755.jpg
2516c3ea13e57a49d853ab3c7b5e73f2
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/5b48759c3492ff8388e29e94166ea002.jpg
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https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/218becae605f61d44959e95cb7d51a8e.jpg
5f1de473f8bf4c1c993208bfd85e8a96
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/99e73e4415896ff70b959fed673180f1.jpg
91fee8ab62137fc5f58f78393c4b0042
https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/429f5fdb0bfb20ea588937bacdcdae06.jpg
a1d88f65b21c2bc84280b7bf538ab188
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photographies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Scenes from Kodachromes
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Byron Harmon (photographer)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1904-1942]
9.4 x 14.0 cm
IA 36565
Description
An account of the resource
<a href="http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1906503,00.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kodachrome</a> was one of the first widely-used <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP3uLdlAAAA&feature=emb_title" target="_blank" rel="noopener">colour films</a>, introduced by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1935. Here, Kodachrome film was used to create colourful pictures of the Canadian Rockies. Printed as <a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096">postcards</a>, the pictures were sold as souvenirs of one’s travels. They could be preserved as a set, as was the case with this particular example, or sent through the mail. <br /><br />Many of the photographs taken with Kodachrome film were printed as <a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3159">slides</a>. To see examples of Kodachrome slides, visit the <a href="https://www.anonymous-project.com/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anonymous Project</a>. Created by Lee Schuler, the website features digitized slides that “preserve this collective memory and give a second life to the people forgotten in these timeless moments captured in stunning Kodachrome film.”
colour
Kodachrome
postcard
Rockies