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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Victorian bodybuilder &lt;a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/eugen-sandow-a-body-worth-immortalising.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Eugen Sandow&lt;/a&gt;’s guide to physical training provides an example of the ways in which photographs could be used in how-to manuals. To consider the advantages of photography for this purpose, compare this volume to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3034"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Art of Swimming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;from 1764.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Sandow’s guide is richly illustrated with photographs, reproduced by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3044"&gt;halftone process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and supplemented&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;with engravings that contribute additional meanings. For example, notice how the two different media on pages 28 and 29 complement each other by making an implicit connection between the idealized nudes of classical sculpture and Sandow’s living&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;body, with Sandow’s active&amp;nbsp;body clearly superseding the inert stones portrayed in the engraving. These connections continue throughout the book, with Sandow striking poses borrowed from classical sculpture. &lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album of photographs by Czech photographer, filmmaker, and ethnographer Karel Plicka offers a portrait of the people of Czechoslovakia in twenty pictures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The impulse to document a culture through photographs is related to other anthropological and &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/circulate-knowledge/1900-to-1969"&gt;documentary practices&lt;/a&gt; of the early-twentieth century, such as German photographer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;August Sander’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/sander/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;People of the Twentieth Century&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; and American photographer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Edward Curtis’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3155"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The North American Indian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Each of these photographic projects aim to circulate knowledge about the people and cultures they represent, yet they do so through the dominant artistic styles and ideologies of their time. Here, Plicka views the people of Czechoslovakia through a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/pictorialism/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Pictorialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; lens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>[1916-17]&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Moon: Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite&lt;/em&gt; by British scientists James Nasmyth and James Carpenter raises questions about the role that photographs play in circulating knowledge. The book’s photographs offer a likeness of the moon, and circulated knowledge about the moon’s surface, but what the pictures record was not the moon at all. Based on observations through the telescope, Nasmyth and Carpenter created plaster models of the moon’s surface and then photographed the models under precise lighting conditions. The results are certainly photographic, recording an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/what-is-photography"&gt;indexical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; relationship to their subjects, but, to what extent do they deliver the type of truthful image that we commonly expect of photographic images?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The photographs included in the volume were created by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOqsaCu-_yw&amp;amp;feature=emb_title" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Woodburytype process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, which records a wider range of tones than many other photomechanical processes. A full scan of Nasmyth and Carpenter's &lt;em&gt;The Moon&lt;/em&gt; is available through the &lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/moonconsideredas00nasmiala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Astronomical photography &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;has changed dramatically since the nineteenth century. To see more recent examples, explore the &lt;a href="https://images.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;NASA Image and Video Library&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37417">
                <text>John Heartfield (artist)</text>
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                <text>1974 reprints of 1931-34 and 1938 originals&#13;
64.0 x 48.0 cm&#13;
TR 685 H42 1974 folio</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;These reprints of John Heartfield’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/photomontage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photomontages&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;show one way that photographs circulated political knowledge. Heartfield reused and remixed images printed in the German mainstream media in order to expose and critique Nazi propaganda. One example of this kind of print media can be found in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;a &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3142"&gt;cigarette album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;that celebrates Adolf Hitler’s life.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Some of &lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/heartfield/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Heartfield’s &lt;/span&gt;photomontages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; were published in the left-wing workers’ magazine &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;(Workers Illustrated Newspaper, also known as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;AIZ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;) and some were reprinted and disseminated as posters. We can get a sense of the power that these photomontages may have held for contemporary viewers from Walter Benjamin's comment in his 1934 essay, "&lt;a href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/benjamin/1970/author-producer.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;The Author as Producer&lt;/a&gt;," that Heartfield's "&lt;span&gt;technique made book jackets into a political instrument."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The prints housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections were reprinted in 1974 as collectors' items. Today, the photomontages are most often viewed as works of art, and Heartfield is often described as a &lt;a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/dada" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dada&lt;/a&gt; artist. Another artist who took a similar approach by using printed media to critique mainstream culture was &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9E1cA3j_xY8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Hannah Höch&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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