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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This unique album from 1894 acts as an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;aide memoire&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, with the photographs as well as the pressed plants and flowers providing an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/what-is-photography"&gt;indexical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; link to the places represented.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0eIH69QWd8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;gelatin dry plate process&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;rendered photography more accessible in the late-nineteenth century. Once the plates could be dry rather than wet (as was the case with the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;wet collodion process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;), photographers did not need a portable darkroom in order to create the kind of landscape pictures included here. Still, the careful compositions found within this album suggest that the photographs were taken by a serious amateur who had knowledge of the photographic process, made use of a tripod, and aimed for artistic compositions. Compare this album to an &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;album of snapshots&lt;/a&gt; from the early-twentieth century to get a sense of this difference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;This album is part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/prairie-ephemera" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Prairie Ephemera Collection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;“Postal Souvenirs” provides an example of what the faster exposures of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0eIH69QWd8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;gelatin process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; could achieve. Here, a trip to a rodeo provided an opportunity to capture the sense of movement that eluded earlier nineteenth-century photographers. The album also provides an example of the day-to-day memories that could be recorded and preserved once the camera became commonplace. It is noteworthy that some of these photographs were printed as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This album is part of the &lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/prairie-ephemera" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Prairie Ephemera Collection&lt;/a&gt; housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AN34QUEayzQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Stereoscope&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; was developed to experiment with binocular vision, and later became a popular tool for both entertainment and instruction. Stereographs seen through the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Icbe2WSfw_Q" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;stereoscope&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; offered such a convincing illusion of three-dimensional reality that some commentators, like the American doctor Oliver Wendell Holmes, suggested that “form is henceforth divorced from matter.” In his article entitled “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1859/06/the-stereoscope-and-the-stereograph/303361/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Stereoscope and the Stereograph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;,” published in 1859, he went on to explain that “matter as a visible object is of no great use any longer, except as the mould on which form is shaped. Give us a few negatives of a thing worth seeing taken from different points of view, and that is all we want of it.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This series of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;stereocards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; portraying the South African War, also known as the Boer War, informed viewers of world events while also offering a visual spectacle. These stereographs can be compared to other examples of war photography created earlier, like &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/ftncnw/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Roger Fenton’s photographs of the Crimean War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; from 1855, and later, during the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3130"&gt;world wars of the twentieth century&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3164"&gt;fight against apartheid&lt;/a&gt; in South Africa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Materials relating to the Boer War are included in the &lt;a href="https://steele.library.ualberta.ca/theme/5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Sir Samuel Steele Collection&lt;/a&gt; at Bruce Peel Special Collections, which also includes &lt;a href="https://steele.library.ualberta.ca/result.html?qq=*%3A*&amp;amp;fq=format%3A%22Photographs%22&amp;amp;sort=&amp;amp;start=10" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photographs&lt;/a&gt;. For more information about this particular series of stereocards published by Underwood &amp;amp; Underwood, see "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/anglo-boer-war-stereo-photographs-produced-underwood-underwood" class="active" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Anglo-Boer War: Stereo Photographs produced by Underwood &amp;amp; Underwood&lt;/a&gt;."&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;This album of photographic &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt; includes examples of the &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s0hiBi5c4Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;cyanotype process&lt;/a&gt;, which was a relatively simple and low-cost process frequently used for &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;family snapshots&lt;/a&gt;, contact prints, and blueprints. The cyanotype process remained consistent from the early-nineteenth century (when botanist &lt;a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/anna-atkins-cyanotypes-the-first-book-of-photographs.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Anna Atkins&lt;/a&gt; used the process) into the twentieth century, as seen in the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3066"&gt;Report on Evaporation Data&lt;/a&gt;, included in this exhibition. &lt;a href="https://www.taniawillard.ca/images/anthro-a-pologizing-2018-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Tania Willard&lt;/a&gt;, a multidisciplinary artist from the Secwepemc Nation, continues to use the cyanotype process today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This album forms part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/magee.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Magee Photograph Collection&lt;/a&gt;, along with &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3131"&gt;another album&lt;/a&gt; in this exhibition that features tintypes&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://asc.ucalgary.ca/photohistory/tintypes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Tintypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; were made possible with the introduction of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;wet collodion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In the case of the tintype, the exposure is made on a thin sheet of metal with the result that&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; the tones are reversed to create a positive image. Like the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3125"&gt;daguerreotype&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/find-out-when-a-photo-was-taken-identify-ferrotype-tintype/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;tintype&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a direct positive image&lt;/span&gt;—&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;there is no negative, and it therefore exists as a single, unique object.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Because they are thin and light (unlike the daguerreotype), as well as durable, tintypes could be easily sent to loved ones through the mail. Many of the tintypes that survive today were portraits taken and circulated as mementoes.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The tintypes shown here were gathered together into an album that has a back cover decorated with colourful clippings. The album forms part of the &lt;a href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/magee.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Magee Photograph Collection&lt;/a&gt;, along with &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3132"&gt;another album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in this exhibition that features cyanotypes and postcards&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Changing of the Guard: Graphic Incidents of the Two World Wars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; provides examples of &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/circulate-knowledge/1900-to-1969"&gt;photojournalism&lt;/a&gt; created by “official and other photographers” and collected into a commemorative album published in Australia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Some of the action shots included in the album point toward advances in photographic technology in the twentieth century, and are reminiscent of photojournalist &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://100photos.time.com/photos/robert-capa-d-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Robert Capa&lt;/a&gt;'&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;s well-known photographs from World War II.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Compare these examples of war photography, taken with twentieth-century technologies like &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0eIH69QWd8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;gelatin film&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://www.shutterbug.com/content/leica-i-camera-change-photography" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Leica cameras&lt;/a&gt;, and reproduced as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3044"&gt;halftones&lt;/a&gt;, with nineteenth-century war photography, such as the examples contained within &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3133"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;South African War Through the Stereoscope&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>1929&#13;
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album documents an annual inspection trip from Montreal to Victoria taken by the CPR’s chairman, president, and directors. It provides another example of the ways photography circulated knowledge about places, contributing to Canada's &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;“&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity"&gt;imagined geographies&lt;/a&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album of portraits features actresses, singers, and dancers, demonstrating the growing popularity of celebrity photographs. Emerging technologies and formats such as the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;wet collodion process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3055"&gt;carte-de-visite&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;format made mass reproduction of such celebrity portraits possible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Though portraits often rely on a basic formula, the aesthetics of photographic portraits can vary considerably. Some photographic studios prioritized quick and efficient picture-taking, while others&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;—&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;such as the studio of French photographer &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nadr/hd_nadr.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Nadar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;—&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;were known for their artful compositions. Some of the most well-known celebrity portraits of the nineteenth century are those that Nadar made of &lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/39489/nadar-gaspard-felix-tournachon-paul-nadar-sarah-bernhardt-french-negative-about-1864-print-about-1924-/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Sarah Bernhardt&lt;/a&gt;. Nadar was known for creating unique portraits that appeared to express the personalities of his subjects, much like some of the portraits in this album.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to considering what the individual photographs in this album suggest about the identities of their subjects, consider what the album as a whole might tell us about the identity of the person who collected and arranged these photographs. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This portrait of a baseball player from Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, reminds us of the continued value of professional photography in the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;Kodak era&lt;/a&gt;. This portrait came with a special frame that protected the picture when it was tucked away and folded back to proudly display the photograph.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>This album, with its &lt;a href="https://bindings.lib.ua.edu/gallery/artnouveau.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Art Nouveau&lt;/a&gt; cover design and faded photographs, was created during World War I. Given the presence of men in uniform on the album's pages, it is likely that the album belonged to a soldier. The album's casual snapshots suggest that they were made by someone who was less interested in aesthetics than in recording a moment in time. Notice, for example, the dark shape (possibly a finger in front of the lens) that sneaks into the scene at the top left of one of the photographs and the casual approach to composition that marks many of the images. For comparison, consider this album alongside the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3135"&gt;Album with Pressed Flowers&lt;/a&gt;, with its careful compositions and even horizon lines.</text>
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