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                <text>Scenes from Kodachromes</text>
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                <text>Byron Harmon (photographer)</text>
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                <text>[1904-1942]&#13;
9.4 x 14.0 cm&#13;
IA 36565</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1906503,00.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Kodachrome&lt;/a&gt; was one of the first widely-used &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP3uLdlAAAA&amp;amp;feature=emb_title" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;colour films&lt;/a&gt;, introduced by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1935. Here, Kodachrome film was used to create colourful pictures of the Canadian Rockies. Printed as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt;, the pictures were sold as souvenirs of one’s travels. They could be preserved as a set, as was the case with this particular example, or sent through the mail.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of the photographs taken with Kodachrome film were printed as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3159"&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;. To see examples of Kodachrome slides, visit the &lt;a href="https://www.anonymous-project.com/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Anonymous Project&lt;/a&gt;. Created by Lee Schuler, the website features digitized slides that “preserve this collective memory and give a second life to the people forgotten in these timeless moments captured in stunning Kodachrome film.”</text>
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                <text>1766&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Aurelian: A Natural History of English Moths and Butterflies &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;was created by English entomologist and artist &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://wonder-cabinet.sites.gettysburg.edu/artful-nature/merian-and-her-context/moses-harris-the-aurelian-and-the-mania-for-insects-and-tulips/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Moses Harris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. The book’s title page explains that its pictures were “drawn, engraved and coloured from the natural subjects.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Harris’s hand-coloured engravings are remarkable, and he went on to become known as a colour theorist after publishing a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discover/2013/07/04/rare-copy-of-moses-harriss-natural-system-of-colours-on-display-at-the-royal-pavilion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;treatise on colour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; that also features hand-coloured plates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The frontispiece (the image facing the title page) features a portrait of a man, presumably representing Harris himself, offering us a tray of specimens with his left hand while pointing into a wooded landscape with his right hand. When we follow his gesture, we see the same man engaged in the labour of collecting moths and butterflies. By selecting this image as the frontispiece, Harris seems to emphasize the presence of an expert as a guide. In contrast, photographic collections of scientific specimens often have the effect of effacing the presence of their makers. For example, compare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Aurelian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;to an entomological album &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;from 1875, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3156"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Anatomical Illustrations of the Bee&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The copy of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Aurelian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections and featured here is a composite of pages from the first and second editions, published in 1766 and 1778, respectively, and brought together by a previous owner. Subsequent editions were published into the nineteenth century, as can be seen from this &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/Aurelian00Harr/page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;full scan of an edition of 1840&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Aurelian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;forms part of the &lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/dr-ronald-b-madge-entomology-collection" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dr &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/dr-ronald-b-madge-entomology-collection" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Ronald B. Madge Entomology Collection&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Portrait of A.C. Rankin and His Brother Playing Lacrosse</text>
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                <text>1887&#13;
72.4 x 51.6 cm&#13;
TR 140 N68 N913 1887 folio</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This portrait of two boys playing lacrosse is both a photograph and a painting, created by applying paint to a photograph. The portrait was produced by William Notman’s studio, which had artists on staff to transform photographs like this one into works of fine art. This family portrait points towards the twentieth-century tradition of &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;family snapshots&lt;/a&gt;. However, due to its large size &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;and painted surface, the result is less like a family snapshot and more like an elite portrait painting, comparable to Thomas Gainborough’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/thomas-gainsborough-the-painters-daughters-chasing-a-butterfly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Painter’s Daughters Chasing a Butterfly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; (1759).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This example demonstrates one way that photography could serve as a “humble servant” of art, as &lt;a href="https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2010/10/30/on-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Charles Baudelaire&lt;/a&gt; suggested in 1859, and of the concern&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;—also articulated by Baudelaire—that photography’s dependence on realism would stifle the artist’s imagination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/william-notman/biography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;William Notman&lt;/a&gt; opened his first photographic studio in 1856 in Montreal, and later expanded to additional cities in Canada. His studios attracted an elite clientele, and h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;is 1865 publication &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3154"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Portraits of British Americans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;highlights some of the well-known figures who had their photographs taken by Notman’s firm.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>1940&#13;
23.2 x 30.6 cm&#13;
FC 219 C225 folio</text>
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                <text>Published by the Canadian National Railways, this souvenir book promotes travel through the Canadian Rockies and Alaska with colourful pictures. The colours were likely printed in stages over the black-and-white image, as we can see gaps and overlaps between the yellows and blues when we look closely. Compare these images to the colourful pictures produced with &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3043"&gt;Kodachrome film&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album of photographs records a "Northern Buffalo Hunt" in Alberta, as shown by a news clipping taped to the album's back cover and by the photographs, including one taken at the Embarras Airport in Northern Alberta. The album includes both black-and-white and colour photographs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/a-short-history-of-colour-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Colour photography&lt;/a&gt; was made practical in the twentieth century with the introduction of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/autochromes-the-dawn-of-colour-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;autochrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1906503,00.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Kodachrome film&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, but printing in colour was still prohibitively expensive for families before the second half of the twentieth century. It was cheaper to print Kodachrome film as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3159"&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;, which was one reason why family slideshows were popular in the middle of the twentieth century.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Though technological advancements such as the introduction of colour prints appear to offer a more realistic view of the world, it is important to recognize that the colours produced by photography are the result of chemical processes. These processes favour certain colours, and therefore &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d16LNHIEJzs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;certain skin tones&lt;/a&gt;, leading to what art historian Sarah Lewis has called&amp;nbsp; “&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/lens/sarah-lewis-racial-bias-photography.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;the racial bias built into photography&lt;/a&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This lavish and unique five-volume photograph album records a hunting trip to the Canadian Rockies in 1916-17. Each photograph in the album is hand-tinted with watercolours and mounted on its own page. The album's large and heavy pages provide a generous frame for each picture, creating a setting that would be appropriate for an original work of art.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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