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                <text>Glimpses of Winnipeg</text>
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                <text>This souvenir book from Winnipeg provides a good example of the &lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/photogravure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photogravure process&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>Daguerreotype of Mrs Morrow</text>
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                <text>[1850]&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This portrait of Mrs Morrow provides an example of one of the first successful photographic technologies: the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/find-out-when-a-photo-was-taken-identify-daguerreotype-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;daguerreotype&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPkJicTLonA&amp;amp;list=PLH_FfjHEuvR5U0Ur8rB35fezQ1yZkShMk&amp;amp;index=3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;daguerreotype process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;created a single positive image on a metal plate&lt;/span&gt;—meaning that there was &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;no negative and no possibility for further reproduction. A &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; is a unique and precious material object, and therefore quite different from the technologies of photography that we know today.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Daguerreotype exposures took a long time, with the precise amount of time depending on the available light. Sitting for a photograph was an arduous process, as the &lt;a href="https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/55519" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;French caricaturist Honoré Daumier has shown&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;which is why it is rare to find smiling faces in early photographs.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;A print published in December 1839 in Paris entitled “&lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/46529/theodore-maurisset-la-daguerreotypomanie-daguerreotypomania-french-december-1839/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;La Daguerreotypomanie&lt;/a&gt;” (Daguerreotypomania)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; dramatizes the excitement that ensued following the announcement of Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre and his partner Nicéphore Niépce’s discovery. The artist, Théodore Maurisset, visualizes streams of people lining up to get their portraits taken. The excitement surrounding the daguerreotype stemmed at least in part from its accessibility in comparison to painted portraits.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Mrs Morrow might never have expected to have her portrait painted in her lifetime. We do not know who she was, but that her likeness survives into the present offers proof that her identity was important to someone, and worth preserving. To consider how the possibility of creating photographic portraits shaped memory and identity, compare this &lt;/span&gt;portrait&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; of Mrs Morrow to &lt;/span&gt;chromolithographic portraits&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3032"&gt;Emperor and Princess of Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, published in 1855.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Another photographic process was developed around the same time as the &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; by &lt;a href="https://www.sfmoma.org/watch/sun-pictures-henry-fox-talbot-and-first-photographs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;William Henry Fox Talbot&lt;/a&gt; in Britain. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2zXypdzB8A&amp;amp;list=PLH_FfjHEuvR5U0Ur8rB35fezQ1yZkShMk&amp;amp;index=3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;calotype&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; did produce a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://kodakdigitizing.com/blogs/news/history-of-negative-photography" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;negative&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, and therefore had the potential to create endless copies, but the resulting image was not as clear as that of the &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. To compare the &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; to the &lt;/span&gt;calotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, consider Mrs Morrow’s portrait side by side with the work of Scottish photographers &lt;a href="https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/features/hill-adamson" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>[1914-1918]&#13;
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                <text>This album, with its &lt;a href="https://bindings.lib.ua.edu/gallery/artnouveau.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Art Nouveau&lt;/a&gt; cover design and faded photographs, was created during World War I. Given the presence of men in uniform on the album's pages, it is likely that the album belonged to a soldier. The album's casual snapshots suggest that they were made by someone who was less interested in aesthetics than in recording a moment in time. Notice, for example, the dark shape (possibly a finger in front of the lens) that sneaks into the scene at the top left of one of the photographs and the casual approach to composition that marks many of the images. For comparison, consider this album alongside the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3135"&gt;Album with Pressed Flowers&lt;/a&gt;, with its careful compositions and even horizon lines.</text>
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                <text>[1931]&#13;
14.6 x 9.5 cm&#13;
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This portrait of a baseball player from Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, reminds us of the continued value of professional photography in the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;Kodak era&lt;/a&gt;. This portrait came with a special frame that protected the picture when it was tucked away and folded back to proudly display the photograph.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album documents an annual inspection trip from Montreal to Victoria taken by the CPR’s chairman, president, and directors. It provides another example of the ways photography circulated knowledge about places, contributing to Canada's &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;“&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity"&gt;imagined geographies&lt;/a&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://asc.ucalgary.ca/photohistory/tintypes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Tintypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; were made possible with the introduction of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;wet collodion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In the case of the tintype, the exposure is made on a thin sheet of metal with the result that&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; the tones are reversed to create a positive image. Like the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3125"&gt;daguerreotype&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/find-out-when-a-photo-was-taken-identify-ferrotype-tintype/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;tintype&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a direct positive image&lt;/span&gt;—&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;there is no negative, and it therefore exists as a single, unique object.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Because they are thin and light (unlike the daguerreotype), as well as durable, tintypes could be easily sent to loved ones through the mail. Many of the tintypes that survive today were portraits taken and circulated as mementoes.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The tintypes shown here were gathered together into an album that has a back cover decorated with colourful clippings. The album forms part of the &lt;a href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/magee.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Magee Photograph Collection&lt;/a&gt;, along with &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3132"&gt;another album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in this exhibition that features cyanotypes and postcards&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;This album of photographic &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt; includes examples of the &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s0hiBi5c4Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;cyanotype process&lt;/a&gt;, which was a relatively simple and low-cost process frequently used for &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;family snapshots&lt;/a&gt;, contact prints, and blueprints. The cyanotype process remained consistent from the early-nineteenth century (when botanist &lt;a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/anna-atkins-cyanotypes-the-first-book-of-photographs.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Anna Atkins&lt;/a&gt; used the process) into the twentieth century, as seen in the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3066"&gt;Report on Evaporation Data&lt;/a&gt;, included in this exhibition. &lt;a href="https://www.taniawillard.ca/images/anthro-a-pologizing-2018-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Tania Willard&lt;/a&gt;, a multidisciplinary artist from the Secwepemc Nation, continues to use the cyanotype process today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This album forms part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/magee.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Magee Photograph Collection&lt;/a&gt;, along with &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3131"&gt;another album&lt;/a&gt; in this exhibition that features tintypes&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;“Postal Souvenirs” provides an example of what the faster exposures of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0eIH69QWd8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;gelatin process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; could achieve. Here, a trip to a rodeo provided an opportunity to capture the sense of movement that eluded earlier nineteenth-century photographers. The album also provides an example of the day-to-day memories that could be recorded and preserved once the camera became commonplace. It is noteworthy that some of these photographs were printed as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This album is part of the &lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/prairie-ephemera" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Prairie Ephemera Collection&lt;/a&gt; housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This unique album from 1894 acts as an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;aide memoire&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, with the photographs as well as the pressed plants and flowers providing an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/what-is-photography"&gt;indexical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; link to the places represented.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0eIH69QWd8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;gelatin dry plate process&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;rendered photography more accessible in the late-nineteenth century. Once the plates could be dry rather than wet (as was the case with the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;wet collodion process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;), photographers did not need a portable darkroom in order to create the kind of landscape pictures included here. Still, the careful compositions found within this album suggest that the photographs were taken by a serious amateur who had knowledge of the photographic process, made use of a tripod, and aimed for artistic compositions. Compare this album to an &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;album of snapshots&lt;/a&gt; from the early-twentieth century to get a sense of this difference.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;This album is part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/prairie-ephemera" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Prairie Ephemera Collection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Published by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1890, this brochure provides another example of the way that the CPR packaged and sold the land of Canada, and of the role that photography played in that process. Here, actual land is advertised as available for purchase, whereas the album &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3056"&gt;CPR 1887&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;span&gt;created just three years earlier to commemorate a CPR investors' trip across Canada,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; packages and sells an idea of Canada’s landscape to investors.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This brochure also demonstrates the challenge of printing photographs and texts side-by-side at this time and calls attention to some of the strategies used instead. Here, captions accompanying each illustration promise viewers that the pictures are based on photographs and are therefore “photographic,” even in the absence of actual photographs. This was a common approach used in illustrated newspapers throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, until the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3044"&gt;halftone process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; came into widespread use.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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