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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Papillons Europ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;éens: Nocturnes, Crépusculaires, et Diurnes &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;demonstrates a method of recording specimens that predates photography: the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://herbariumworld.wordpress.com/2017/10/16/nature-printing-in-the-19th-century/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;nature print&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. With a &lt;/span&gt;nature print&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, the specimen itself is used to make an impression so that, as with photography, there is an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/what-is-photography"&gt;indexical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; relationship between the object and its representation. This example, from 1890, shows that nature printing continued to be used well after the introduction of photographic technologies. Here, &lt;/span&gt;watercolour&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; paints have been added to the prints.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Nature printing&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; could also be achieved photographically, a process that was popular in the early decades of photography. The British botanist &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/anna-atkins-cyanotypes-the-first-book-of-photographs.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Anna Atkins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; is well known for her prints (&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3132"&gt;cyanotypes&lt;/a&gt;) of botanical specimens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Atkins published her photographs in 1843 as &lt;a href="https://nhm.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/BookReaderViewer/44NHM_INST/12190875980002081" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Photographs of British Algae: cyanotype impressions&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and is today considered one of the first to produce a photographically-illustrated book.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;In 1839, &lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1969/william-henry-fox-talbot-english-1800-1877/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;William Henry Fox Talbot&lt;/a&gt; speculated on the application of photography to the microscope:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;blockquote&gt;The objects which the microscope unfolds to our view, curious and wonderful as they are, are often singularly complicated. The eye, indeed, many comprehend the whole which is presented to it in the field of view; but the powers of the pencil fail to express these minutiae of nature in their innumerable details. What artist could have skill or patience enough to copy them? or granting that he [&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;sic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;could do so, must it not be at the expense of much most valuable time, which might be more usefully employed? Contemplating the beautiful picture which the solar microscope produces, the thought struck me, whether it might not be possible to cause that image to impress itself upon the paper, and thus to let Nature substitute her own inimitable pencil, for the imperfect, tedious, and almost hopeless attempt of copying a subject so intricate. (quoted in Goldberg 43)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Compare this example to an &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3156"&gt;album of anatomical illustrations of a bee&lt;/a&gt; from 1875&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, which includes photomicrographs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.gallery.ca/photo-blog/collecting-cards-cartes-de-visite" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;carte-de-visite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;was introduced in the 1850s by French photographer André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri. Since Disdéri depended on the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM&amp;amp;feature=emb_title" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;wet collodion process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; to create the portraits he sold at his Paris studio, exposing one plate required a significant amount of labour. An astute businessman, Disdéri came up with a new photographic format that would allow him to print eight full-length portraits with just one exposure by using a four-lens camera and sliding plate. The portraits were printed on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObveSq3cMkw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;albumen paper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, a type of light-sensitive paper made with a coating of egg whites that allowed for a smooth surface. After printing, the portraits wer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;e mounted on cardboard and cut to produce eight distinct portraits.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/find-out-when-a-photo-was-taken-identify-a-cabinet-card/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Cabinet cards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; are similar in format to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;cartes-de-visite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, with an albumen print mounted on cardboard, but they are larger in size.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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