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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Fight against Apartheid! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;is, as its cover explains, “an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;album of exhibition photographs showing life under apartheid and depicting the struggle of the South African people for their liberation under the banner of the African National Congress.” The photographs gathered here call &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;attention to the role of &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/circulate-knowledge/1900-to-1969"&gt;documentary photography&lt;/a&gt; in political activism, and are related to the tradition of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;social documentary photographs&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;published in twentieth-century magazines like &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3045"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; At the time of this album’s publication, apartheid was still a reality in South Africa, and the fight referenced in the title was an urgent one.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These photographs provide one example of photography's &lt;/span&gt;potential to prompt action by establishing a “&lt;a href="https://vimeo.com/25369128" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;civil contract&lt;/a&gt;” (Azoulay) between the people photographed and the viewer. However, given that &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;apartheid in South Africa continued well beyond the publication of these photographs, the album also points toward &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;the limitations of documentary photography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;A related photograph, taken in 1976, is Sam Nzima’s “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://100photos.time.com/photos/sam-nzima-soweto-uprising" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Soweto Uprising&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;,” which is sometimes credited with bringing international attention to apartheid. To learn more about apartheid in South Africa, visit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; South African History Online&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album of photographs by Czech photographer, filmmaker, and ethnographer Karel Plicka offers a portrait of the people of Czechoslovakia in twenty pictures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The impulse to document a culture through photographs is related to other anthropological and &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/circulate-knowledge/1900-to-1969"&gt;documentary practices&lt;/a&gt; of the early-twentieth century, such as German photographer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;August Sander’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/sander/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;People of the Twentieth Century&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; and American photographer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Edward Curtis’s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3155"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The North American Indian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Each of these photographic projects aim to circulate knowledge about the people and cultures they represent, yet they do so through the dominant artistic styles and ideologies of their time. Here, Plicka views the people of Czechoslovakia through a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/pictorialism/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Pictorialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; lens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Sandow’s guide is richly illustrated with photographs, reproduced by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3044"&gt;halftone process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and supplemented&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;with engravings that contribute additional meanings. For example, notice how the two different media on pages 28 and 29 complement each other by making an implicit connection between the idealized nudes of classical sculpture and Sandow’s living&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;body, with Sandow’s active&amp;nbsp;body clearly superseding the inert stones portrayed in the engraving. These connections continue throughout the book, with Sandow striking poses borrowed from classical sculpture. &lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The photographs of Sandow’s body also call attention to a persistent problem with the nude in photography. While nude figures were welcome in painted representations hanging on the walls of art galleries, representing the nude in photography—in all its &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/what-is-photography"&gt;indexical&lt;/a&gt; glory—was another story altogether.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A full scan of Sandow's guide is available through the &lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/sandowgetsphysicl00sanduoft/page/n1/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;R. A. Ellis explains that “the scarcity of books on the subject of spider life is my excuse for assuming the role of guide into ‘Spiderland.’ The fruit of personal observation and reading is set forth, in as graphic a form as I could command, by pen and camera” (v). As promised, the book offers a wide variety of illustrations, some of which are photographic. This mix of media calls attention to the relative advantages of different forms of image-making.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A full scan of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Spiderland,&lt;/em&gt; part of the &lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/dr-ronald-b-madge-entomology-collection" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dr Ronald B. Madge Entomology Collection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;housed in Bruce Peel Special Collections, is available through the &lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/b28104687" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.whyte.org/illuminatinglanternslides" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Lantern slides&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, which allowed the image on a glass plate to be projected with light onto a wall or screen, represent one way that knowledge circulated through photographs. Though lantern slides with painted imagery have a long history that predates the discovery of photography, travelling lectures based on photographic lantern slides became increasingly commonplace in the nineteenth and early-twentieth century. Lantern slides would eventually be supplanted by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3159"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;film slides&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This artists' book was created by American artist &lt;a href="https://youtu.be/0xboX5cvIzw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Ed Ruscha&lt;/a&gt;. During the 1960s and 1970s, Ruscha created a series of photographic books featuring banal subject matter such as interstate gas stations, empty swimming pools, and vacant parking lots. Informed by the principles of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cncp/hd_cncp.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;conceptual art&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, which privileged ideas over aesthetics, Ruscha’s work points towards photographs' ubiquity within twentieth-century visual culture as carriers of information rather than as aesthetic objects. By taking banal informational images and inserting them into contexts such as the art gallery and the art book, Ruscha prompts us to consider how such photographs can become art. With its repetitive structure and mundane subject matter, &lt;em&gt;Every Building on the Sunset Strip&lt;/em&gt; is closely related to the NE Thing Co's &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3140"&gt;Portfolio of Piles&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bruce Peel Special Collections houses six of Ruscha's photographic books including &lt;a href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/13606" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Every Building on the Sunset Strip&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (featured here), &lt;a href="https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/187.2015.a-ii/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;A Few Palm Trees&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/430.2008.a-ii/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Thirtyfour Parking Lots in Los Angeles&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/433.2008.a-bb/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Real Estate Opportunities&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Copyrights belong to University of Alberta Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science.</text>
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