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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Charles Darwin is recognized as one of the early adopters of photography in scientific illustration, and much has been written about his use of photographs in the 1872 publication &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The photographs included as evidence for Darwin’s theories were taken by professional photographers and printed as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/collotype" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;collotypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, while some of the images were translated into &lt;a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/w/woodcut" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;woodcut&lt;/a&gt; illustrations&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Some were created especially for Darwin’s publication and others were already available.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;One photographer who worked with Darwin on this project was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/exhibitions/ngc/oscar-rejlander-and-the-beginning-of-art-photography" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Oscar Rejlander&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, who is often described as “The Father of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/works-of-art/1850-to-1900"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Art Photography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.” Rejlander fought for the recognition of photography as a fine art. One of his most well-known photographs, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/18132" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Two Ways of Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; (c 1857), combined over thirty different negatives to create an original composition, and was purchased by Queen Victoria for her art collection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Though it was important to Darwin to include photographs as illustrations of his work, largely due to the perceived evidentiary force of photography, scholars have shown that many of these photographs were manipulated in order to produce their desired effects. Oscar Rejlander’s photograph of a crying baby is one noteworthy example. Rejlander could not capture a clear image of a crying baby with the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;wet collodion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; technology available to him, so he made use of a pencil to render the image legible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The photograph is also known as “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1394071/ginxs-baby-photographs-rejlander-oscar-gustav/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Ginx’s Baby&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;,” after a character in a novel by Charles Dickens, and it circulated as a popular print. This example thus also shows how photographs can take on different meanings depending on the contexts in which they circulate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Bruce Peel Special Collections houses a German edition of the book. A full scan of the English edition is available through the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/expressionofemo00darw/page/n3/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Internet Archive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;A related photograph, taken in 1976, is Sam Nzima’s “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://100photos.time.com/photos/sam-nzima-soweto-uprising" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Soweto Uprising&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;,” which is sometimes credited with bringing international attention to apartheid. To learn more about apartheid in South Africa, visit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; South African History Online&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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