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                <text>Tobacco gets its own chapter in this reader, part of a series on &amp;ldquo;the great industries of the world.&amp;rdquo; This copy was once in the library at the Camrose Provincial Normal School. The book&amp;rsquo;s treatment of ethnicity and cultural differences is cavalier at best: in India, &amp;ldquo;farmers are black or dark brown&amp;rdquo; and have few wants. Though food might be a window into other cultures, it is often circumscribed by the opinions and politics of the place and period. But it is this very circumscription that makes food such an excellent marker of individual and social relations: the pineapple farm in Cuba is owned by an American, and an expansive railway system facilitates harvesting. The introduction to &lt;em&gt;How the World is Fed&lt;/em&gt;, indeed, emphasizes progressive-era lessons in economics: &amp;ldquo;it is through commerce that food is carried all over the world, from the places where each kind can be raised the cheapest, and sold for money in exchange.&amp;rdquo;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;American &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/pictorialism/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Pictorialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; photographer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1957/alvin-langdon-coburn-british-born-united-states-1882-1966/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Alvin Langdon Coburn&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;was a founding member of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/the-photo-secession/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Photo-Secession&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, along with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/alfred-stieglitz/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Alfred Stieglitz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Photo-Secession members advocated for photography’s status as a fine art, showing their photographs alongside European modern art at Stieglitz’s &lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/little-galleries-of-the-photo-secession291/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;291 Gallery&lt;/a&gt; in New York City and in the pages of the journal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/camera-work/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Camera Work&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, where photographs and paintings were reproduced side-by-side using &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/photogravure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photogravure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. In 1912, Coburn emigrated to the United Kingdom and became involved with the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://platinumprince.com/pictorialist-organisations/2019/4/8/the-linked-ring" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Linked Ring&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, a British group of &lt;/span&gt;pictorialist&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; photographers founded in 1892.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This privately-printed book includes a text by the British writer Gilbert Keith Chesterton and ten photographs by Coburn, printed by &lt;/span&gt;mezzogravure,&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;a printing process similar to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/photogravure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photogravure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Photographs and text remain separate, with just one photograph per page featured in a series of photographic plates, making it clear that the photographs are not merely illustrations but works of art in their own right. This treatment of photographs is similar to the presentation in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Camera Work&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;and other fine art publications of the time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37040">
                <text>A System of Phrenology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>George Combe (author)&#13;
 J. J. Butler (engraver)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37042">
                <text>1844&#13;
19.0 x 11.3 cm&#13;
 BF 870 C72 1844</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37376">
                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The title page of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;A System of Phrenology &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;boasts that the volume&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;features “upward of one hundred engravings.” Photography had been discovered by the time the book was published, but the dominant processes of the time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; (the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3125"&gt;daguerreotype&lt;/a&gt; and the calotype) did not offer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;an efficient or practical method of circulating knowledge alongside printed text.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The system of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://victorianweb.org/science/phrenology/intro.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;phrenology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; described in this volume is closely related to the Victorian practice of physiognomy. Described today as pseudosciences, phrenology and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/physiognomy-the-beautiful-pseudoscience/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;physiognomy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; posited that an individual’s exterior features revealed aspects of their character. Later, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/301897" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Francis Galton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; would use photography as a tool to both investigate and circulate physiognomic principles, and Charles Darwin would use photographs to examine &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3145"&gt;human emotion&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A full scan of this item is available through the &lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/101519023.nlm.nih.gov/page/n4/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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      <tag tagId="256">
        <name>engraving</name>
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</itemContainer>
