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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AN34QUEayzQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Stereoscope&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; was developed to experiment with binocular vision, and later became a popular tool for both entertainment and instruction. Stereographs seen through the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Icbe2WSfw_Q" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;stereoscope&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; offered such a convincing illusion of three-dimensional reality that some commentators, like the American doctor Oliver Wendell Holmes, suggested that “form is henceforth divorced from matter.” In his article entitled “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1859/06/the-stereoscope-and-the-stereograph/303361/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Stereoscope and the Stereograph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;,” published in 1859, he went on to explain that “matter as a visible object is of no great use any longer, except as the mould on which form is shaped. Give us a few negatives of a thing worth seeing taken from different points of view, and that is all we want of it.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This series of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;stereocards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; portraying the South African War, also known as the Boer War, informed viewers of world events while also offering a visual spectacle. These stereographs can be compared to other examples of war photography created earlier, like &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/ftncnw/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Roger Fenton’s photographs of the Crimean War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; from 1855, and later, during the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3130"&gt;world wars of the twentieth century&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3164"&gt;fight against apartheid&lt;/a&gt; in South Africa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Materials relating to the Boer War are included in the &lt;a href="https://steele.library.ualberta.ca/theme/5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Sir Samuel Steele Collection&lt;/a&gt; at Bruce Peel Special Collections, which also includes &lt;a href="https://steele.library.ualberta.ca/result.html?qq=*%3A*&amp;amp;fq=format%3A%22Photographs%22&amp;amp;sort=&amp;amp;start=10" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photographs&lt;/a&gt;. For more information about this particular series of stereocards published by Underwood &amp;amp; Underwood, see "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/anglo-boer-war-stereo-photographs-produced-underwood-underwood" class="active" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Anglo-Boer War: Stereo Photographs produced by Underwood &amp;amp; Underwood&lt;/a&gt;."&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;This album of photographic &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt; includes examples of the &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s0hiBi5c4Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;cyanotype process&lt;/a&gt;, which was a relatively simple and low-cost process frequently used for &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;family snapshots&lt;/a&gt;, contact prints, and blueprints. The cyanotype process remained consistent from the early-nineteenth century (when botanist &lt;a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/anna-atkins-cyanotypes-the-first-book-of-photographs.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Anna Atkins&lt;/a&gt; used the process) into the twentieth century, as seen in the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3066"&gt;Report on Evaporation Data&lt;/a&gt;, included in this exhibition. &lt;a href="https://www.taniawillard.ca/images/anthro-a-pologizing-2018-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Tania Willard&lt;/a&gt;, a multidisciplinary artist from the Secwepemc Nation, continues to use the cyanotype process today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This album forms part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/magee.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Magee Photograph Collection&lt;/a&gt;, along with &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3131"&gt;another album&lt;/a&gt; in this exhibition that features tintypes&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://asc.ucalgary.ca/photohistory/tintypes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Tintypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; were made possible with the introduction of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;wet collodion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In the case of the tintype, the exposure is made on a thin sheet of metal with the result that&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; the tones are reversed to create a positive image. Like the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3125"&gt;daguerreotype&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/find-out-when-a-photo-was-taken-identify-ferrotype-tintype/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;tintype&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a direct positive image&lt;/span&gt;—&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;there is no negative, and it therefore exists as a single, unique object.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Because they are thin and light (unlike the daguerreotype), as well as durable, tintypes could be easily sent to loved ones through the mail. Many of the tintypes that survive today were portraits taken and circulated as mementoes.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The tintypes shown here were gathered together into an album that has a back cover decorated with colourful clippings. The album forms part of the &lt;a href="http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/magee.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Magee Photograph Collection&lt;/a&gt;, along with &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3132"&gt;another album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in this exhibition that features cyanotypes and postcards&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Though portraits often rely on a basic formula, the aesthetics of photographic portraits can vary considerably. Some photographic studios prioritized quick and efficient picture-taking, while others&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;—&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;such as the studio of French photographer &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nadr/hd_nadr.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Nadar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;—&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;were known for their artful compositions. Some of the most well-known celebrity portraits of the nineteenth century are those that Nadar made of &lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/39489/nadar-gaspard-felix-tournachon-paul-nadar-sarah-bernhardt-french-negative-about-1864-print-about-1924-/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Sarah Bernhardt&lt;/a&gt;. Nadar was known for creating unique portraits that appeared to express the personalities of his subjects, much like some of the portraits in this album.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to considering what the individual photographs in this album suggest about the identities of their subjects, consider what the album as a whole might tell us about the identity of the person who collected and arranged these photographs. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>[1914-1918]&#13;
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                <text>This album, with its &lt;a href="https://bindings.lib.ua.edu/gallery/artnouveau.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Art Nouveau&lt;/a&gt; cover design and faded photographs, was created during World War I. Given the presence of men in uniform on the album's pages, it is likely that the album belonged to a soldier. The album's casual snapshots suggest that they were made by someone who was less interested in aesthetics than in recording a moment in time. Notice, for example, the dark shape (possibly a finger in front of the lens) that sneaks into the scene at the top left of one of the photographs and the casual approach to composition that marks many of the images. For comparison, consider this album alongside the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3135"&gt;Album with Pressed Flowers&lt;/a&gt;, with its careful compositions and even horizon lines.</text>
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                <text>[1850]&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This portrait of Mrs Morrow provides an example of one of the first successful photographic technologies: the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/find-out-when-a-photo-was-taken-identify-daguerreotype-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;daguerreotype&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPkJicTLonA&amp;amp;list=PLH_FfjHEuvR5U0Ur8rB35fezQ1yZkShMk&amp;amp;index=3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;daguerreotype process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;created a single positive image on a metal plate&lt;/span&gt;—meaning that there was &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;no negative and no possibility for further reproduction. A &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; is a unique and precious material object, and therefore quite different from the technologies of photography that we know today.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Daguerreotype exposures took a long time, with the precise amount of time depending on the available light. Sitting for a photograph was an arduous process, as the &lt;a href="https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/55519" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;French caricaturist Honoré Daumier has shown&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;which is why it is rare to find smiling faces in early photographs.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;A print published in December 1839 in Paris entitled “&lt;a href="https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/46529/theodore-maurisset-la-daguerreotypomanie-daguerreotypomania-french-december-1839/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;La Daguerreotypomanie&lt;/a&gt;” (Daguerreotypomania)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; dramatizes the excitement that ensued following the announcement of Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre and his partner Nicéphore Niépce’s discovery. The artist, Théodore Maurisset, visualizes streams of people lining up to get their portraits taken. The excitement surrounding the daguerreotype stemmed at least in part from its accessibility in comparison to painted portraits.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Mrs Morrow might never have expected to have her portrait painted in her lifetime. We do not know who she was, but that her likeness survives into the present offers proof that her identity was important to someone, and worth preserving. To consider how the possibility of creating photographic portraits shaped memory and identity, compare this &lt;/span&gt;portrait&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; of Mrs Morrow to &lt;/span&gt;chromolithographic portraits&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3032"&gt;Emperor and Princess of Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, published in 1855.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Another photographic process was developed around the same time as the &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; by &lt;a href="https://www.sfmoma.org/watch/sun-pictures-henry-fox-talbot-and-first-photographs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;William Henry Fox Talbot&lt;/a&gt; in Britain. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2zXypdzB8A&amp;amp;list=PLH_FfjHEuvR5U0Ur8rB35fezQ1yZkShMk&amp;amp;index=3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;calotype&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; did produce a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://kodakdigitizing.com/blogs/news/history-of-negative-photography" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;negative&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, and therefore had the potential to create endless copies, but the resulting image was not as clear as that of the &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. To compare the &lt;/span&gt;daguerreotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; to the &lt;/span&gt;calotype&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, consider Mrs Morrow’s portrait side by side with the work of Scottish photographers &lt;a href="https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/features/hill-adamson" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>This souvenir book from Winnipeg provides a good example of the &lt;a href="https://archive.artic.edu/stieglitz/photogravure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photogravure process&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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