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                <text>University of Alberta Archives&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://lisemelhornboe.ca/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Lise Melhorn-Boe&lt;/a&gt; is a visual artist who creates unique sculptural works in the form of books. This example, titled &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Family Album&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, pairs photographs of young girls posing nicely for the camera with texts that describe what it means to be a “good girl.” These productive pairings of text and image lay bare familial and societal expectations for young women, but they also interrogate the conventions of the family album, which usually features smiling, well-behaved faces without any mention of the discipline or pressures that occur behind the scenes of the images.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Family Album &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;was created in 1995, but the original photographs on which the work is based belong to an earlier moment in the history of photography, and are comparable to the &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/memory-and-identity/1900-to-1969/snapshot-albums"&gt;snapshot albums&lt;/a&gt; in the exhibition. But instead of existing as precious keepsakes&lt;/span&gt;—as snapshots would within a typical album—here the photographs are&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;reproduced by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.npr.org/2013/10/23/239241106/happy-birthday-copy-machine-happy-birthday-copy-machine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;photocopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, a method that is quick and cheap, and that does not provide a lot of variation of tone. The appearance of the pictures on the page make them clearly readable &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;as photocopies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, bringing to mind Xerox machines and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://ago.ca/agoinsider/what-zine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;zine culture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; rather than treasured family heirlooms, further disrupting our expectations for the family album. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The book’s handmade, cotton paper cover is bubblegum pink, offering a further sign of the codes of femininity that are examined in the album.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Family Album &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;is worth considering in relation to British artist Jo Spence’s work, such as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.macba.cat/en/art-artists/artists/spence-jo/beyond-family-album" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Beyond the Family Album&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; (1978-79), which calls attention to the traumas and difficulties of everyday life that are frequently elided from photographic memories. Additional examples of of Melhorn-Boe's work are featured in the Bruce Peel Special Collections online exhibition &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/womenartistsbooks/introduction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Canadian Women Artists' Books&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>1920s&#13;
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                <text>These "real photographs" of Melrose Abbey in Scotland were issued by the Ancient Monuments Department, suggesting that the photographs were not only created as souvenirs for visitors, but that they also played a role in the documentation and preservation of historic monuments. Photography's usefulness in historic preservation was recognized early on; in 1851, the French &lt;em&gt;Commission des Monuments Historiques&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;launched the &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/heli/hd_heli.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mission &lt;span&gt;Héliographique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;, a project that employed five photographers &lt;/span&gt;to photograph historic sites across France.</text>
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                <text>These &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3096"&gt;postcards&lt;/a&gt; from Palestine could be collected as souvenirs or broken apart and sent through the mail. In this case, whoever first purchased the cards kept them intact.</text>
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                <text>The photographs included in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Calgary, the City Phenomenal&lt;/em&gt; help support the claim that Calgary is "the continent's fastest growing city" by emphasizing modern aspects of the city. The selection of photographs includes a train crossing an overpass, large and imposing buildings—including a city hall with a clocktower resembling London's Big Ben—a lineup of automobiles outside a firehall, and views of "a few of Calgary's many industries."</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This group portrait, printed on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObveSq3cMkw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;albumen paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, was taken inside the first Chinese church in Victoria, BC. The act of taking group portraits like this one and the sharing of the resulting prints may have contributed to the construction of collective cultural identities in turn-of-the-century Victoria. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The black page on which the photograph is mounted suggests that the picture was originally included in an album, but it now stands on its own within Bruce Peel Special Collections as part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/chinese-experience-in-canada" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://bpsc.library.ualberta.ca/collections/chinese-experience-in-canada&amp;amp;source=gmail&amp;amp;ust=1619041375707000&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNGNN3GwrNQkyIUCRVDvMQ62lQ9-aw" rel="noopener"&gt;Chinese Experience in Canada Collection&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other examples of group portraits in the exhibition include a &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3065"&gt;portrait of plumbers and steamfitters&lt;/a&gt;, and a &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3098"&gt;portrait of a graduating class&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>undated&#13;
31.2 x 25.0 cm&#13;
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                <text>This album, featuring photographs of Boy Scouts, was created by inserting each photograph's corners into slits cut into the pages of a "Scrap &amp;amp; Newscutting Book." News clippings included in the album suggest that it was assembled between 1918 and 1922 by a Boy Scout based in Armagh, Ireland.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This poster points toward the disciplinary use of photography described by art historian John Tagg in his book &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.photopedagogy.com/john-tagg.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Burden of Representation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Tagg observes that photographic technologies led to a "democracy of the image" in the latter half of the nineteenth century, with many more people represented in portraits than ever before. But Tagg explains that such portraits were not always honorific; sometimes portraits were a burden to their subjects, especially when the photographs were used to fix identities in pre-established categories. Such was the case with this poster, which identifies its subject, James Harry Finn, as a criminal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The “mugshot,” as it came to be known, and &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3100"&gt;identity cards&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;were standardized in nineteenth-century Paris by police photographer &lt;a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/visibleproofs/galleries/biographies/bertillon.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Alphonse Bertillon&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This poster was donated to Bruce Peel Special Collections by Jeffrey Moore.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>undated&#13;
36.5 x 23.5 cm&#13;
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22.0 x 29.0 cm&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This album of photographs records a "Northern Buffalo Hunt" in Alberta, as shown by a news clipping taped to the album's back cover and by the photographs, including one taken at the Embarras Airport in Northern Alberta. The album includes both black-and-white and colour photographs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/a-short-history-of-colour-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Colour photography&lt;/a&gt; was made practical in the twentieth century with the introduction of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/autochromes-the-dawn-of-colour-photography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;autochrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1906503,00.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Kodachrome film&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, but printing in colour was still prohibitively expensive for families before the second half of the twentieth century. It was cheaper to print Kodachrome film as &lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/item/3159"&gt;slides&lt;/a&gt;, which was one reason why family slideshows were popular in the middle of the twentieth century.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Though technological advancements such as the introduction of colour prints appear to offer a more realistic view of the world, it is important to recognize that the colours produced by photography are the result of chemical processes. These processes favour certain colours, and therefore &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d16LNHIEJzs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;certain skin tones&lt;/a&gt;, leading to what art historian Sarah Lewis has called&amp;nbsp; “&lt;a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/lens/sarah-lewis-racial-bias-photography.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;the racial bias built into photography&lt;/a&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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