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                <text>&lt;p&gt;This community cookbook hails from Quill Lake, east of Saskatoon. A number of community cookbooks in Saskatchewan were compiled by the Homemakers&amp;rsquo; Clubs, which were established in that province in 1911 and raised money for hospitals, libraries, community halls, and similar social infrastructure. Though they shunned overtly political causes, such clubs allowed women the ability to participate in shaping their communities; in 1916, they would be permitted to vote in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Elizabeth Driver notes in &lt;em&gt;Culinary Landmarks&lt;/em&gt; that the Quill Lake club, which was established in 1914, disbanded in 1971 (1027).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As its subheading suggests, this book offers a collection of recipes reflecting mixed cultural influences. Included are Mrs. W.H. King&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;Raisin Dumplings,&amp;rdquo; Mrs. Axel Olson&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;Julekake,&amp;rdquo; along with Mrs. Annie Zeebin&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;Holopski&amp;rdquo;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;and an unattributed&lt;em&gt; &amp;ldquo;&lt;/em&gt;Conserves de Poisson&amp;rdquo; in French (with errors). At the same time, it incorporates recipes from as far away as Los Angeles and Louisiana, demonstrating American publishers&amp;rsquo; strong influence on the Canadian cooking scene. The book also contains recipes for&amp;nbsp;a number of poetically named cakes: &amp;ldquo;Windblown Cake,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;Sunshine Cake,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;Daffodil Cake,&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Featherweight Cake&amp;rdquo; (the first three resemble angel food cakes), as well as Mrs. Harry Brown&amp;rsquo;s &amp;ldquo;Wonder Pickle&amp;rdquo; (which contains red and green peppers besides cucumbers and onions). It was evidently a carefully used book, as it contains many handwritten corrections by an alert and skilled cook and baker.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Community cookbooks were often partially funded by advertising. Alongside those for flour, other household products, and beauty shops, this book contains ads for automobile and tractor dealerships, lumber companies, and agricultural fertilizers, as well as local insurance companies, dentists, shops, cafes, and theatres. Perhaps these suggest a broader readership; more likely, they are signs of community support and sponsorship, as well as women&amp;rsquo;s influence in decision-making for family purchases.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This sixteen-page cookbook comes from Mayfair United Church in Saskatoon, which still exists today. It is clearly compiled by a predominantly English community: recipe donors have names such as Goodwin, Fraser, and Swift, and a number of the recipes are traditionally English, such as “Seed Loaf” made with caraway seeds; “Beefsteak Cake” made with raisins, nutmeg, and molasses; “Carrot Pudding”; and “Christmas Pudding.” &#13;
&#13;
Many community cookbooks contained “recipes” for friendship or a peaceful marriage or, as in this case, “How to Cook a Husband.” In terms of food, community cookbooks tended to emphasize baking, particularly of squares and cookies, over cooking recipes, perhaps because of its social aspect. Many of these recipes also used special ingredients, such as canned pineapple, candied cherries, and coconut, that were novelty items in the first half of the twentieth century; women would have relied on one another’s experience to incorporate these new items into their cooking.</text>
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                <text>Community cookbooks were not generally a francophone practice (Driver, &amp;ldquo;Cookbooks&amp;rdquo; 410). Even the promising-sounding &lt;em&gt;Recettes des Femmes de St. Joseph&lt;/em&gt;, from a francophone community in Manitoba, contains recipes written entirely in English. Although most recipes were contributed by women with French names&amp;mdash;Mrs. Annette Lavallee, Mrs. Rene Perron, Mrs. Elouise Delorme, for example&amp;mdash;none are traditionally French-Canadian. By contrast, the collection includes &amp;ldquo;Chinese-Fried Rice,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;Chop Suey,&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Chili con Carne.&amp;rdquo; The section on &amp;ldquo;Supper Quantity Cooking,&amp;rdquo; moreover, which reflects the role of homemade food at community and church gatherings, does not contain any particularly French-Canadian dishes. Interestingly, rather than use a local printer, the group elected to have their book published by the Women&amp;rsquo;s Clubs Publishing Co. in Chicago, which would also publish books from Wesleyville, Newfoundland and Elmira, Ontario, as well as communities across the United States. The notion of sending a local manuscript to such community cookbook businesses began in the 1950s; other companies offering this service included North American Press (in Kansas City) and L. Rasmussen Co. (in Winnipeg) (Driver, &amp;ldquo;Home Cooks&amp;rdquo; 58). The fact that this book was published in the U.S. by an English-language publisher may explain the absence of accents in the women&amp;rsquo;s names.</text>
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                <text>Scandinavians settled across the Prairies. The Vasa Order, named after the first king of modern Sweden, formed in the late 1890s in Connecticut with the goal of preserving Swedish culture; eventually the organization expanded its scope to include members of any Scandinavian heritage. Five lodges were established in Alberta in the 1920s and '30s, including the Calgary branch (1925), which published &lt;em&gt;The Vasa Book of Favourite Recipes&lt;/em&gt;. According to Thelma Spielman, a member of the Calgary Branting Lodge for over fifty years, the decision to publish this book was made at the Ladies Auxiliary meeting on 2 March 1956. One thousand copies were ordered, and they sold for $1.25 each.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This book begins with a &amp;ldquo;Table of Contents&amp;rdquo; of advertisers; one of these is &amp;ldquo;Calgary Ginger Ale&amp;rdquo; from the Calgary Brewing &amp;amp; Malting Co. Limited, Alberta&amp;rsquo;s first brewery. Opened in 1893, the company introduced a line of soft drinks in order to stay in operation during Prohibition (&amp;ldquo;Calgary Malting&amp;rdquo;). Although this book includes recipes for &amp;ldquo;Scotch Bars,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;Spanish Meat Balls,&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;Goulash,&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Pow-wow Sandwiches&amp;rdquo; (made with bacon, dried beef, chili sauce, sweet-pickle relish and American cheese), most of the recipes are Scandinavian. The handwritten note next to a recipe for &amp;ldquo;Pepparkakor&amp;rdquo; indicates it was &amp;ldquo;Like Grandma Kranenberg used to make.&amp;rdquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Icelandic settlers also adapted their recipes to the available ingredients of Western Canada. In the late 1880s, an Icelandic community developed around Markerville, east of Red Deer. The settlers made use of fish from the Medicine River and Sylvan Lake, and by 1900 they had established a creamery to make butter and cheese (Stephan G. Stephansson Icelandic Society). One of the settlers was Stephan G. Stephansson, whom Iceland named poet laureate in 1917. Cultural food traditions were important to the settlers and remain so today: the recipe for &amp;ldquo;Laufabrauth&amp;rdquo; (Leaf Bread) in &lt;em&gt;Recipes from Pioneer Days&lt;/em&gt;, a pamphlet published in the past decade by the Stephan G. Stephansson Icelandic Society, comments that it is great &amp;ldquo;Great to have children help with this part&amp;rdquo; (cutting snowflake designs into each round), suggesting the importance of passing these traditions to the next generation.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Courtesy of Verna Larson (private collection). Final image from Stephan G. Stephansson Icelandic Society, &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Recipes from Pioneer Days&lt;/span&gt;, [2000s?] (private collection).&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>Canada practiced rationing from 1942 to 1947. It began with sugar, but soon extended to beer, wine, and spirits, tea and coffee, butter, and meat. Rationing in Canada was relatively mild compared to England, where the policy lasted from 1940 to 1954. And while Canadians were allotted eight ounces of butter per person per week, for example, Britons received only two ounces of butter and four ounces of margarine. Although legally ration coupons were supposed to be removed only by the store clerk or delivery boy, they were quietly shared among friends and relatives. This book belonged to editor Arthur Balmer Watt, husband of Gertrude Balmer Watt (1879–1963). Gertrude was a journalist and antique dealer, and a charter member of the Canadian Women’s Press Club. Her fonds are in the University of Alberta Archives.</text>
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                <text>The aptly named Dianne Watt, Director of the Home Service Department of Canadian Utilities Limited, had a useful mascot in &amp;ldquo;Reddy,&amp;rdquo; the helpful bulb-nosed electricity representative who also graced Calgary Power&amp;rsquo;s advertising (see, for example, &lt;em&gt;Festive Favorites&lt;/em&gt;). Many utility companies had home service departments to encourage women to be more comfortable using the &amp;ldquo;Magic Servant,&amp;rdquo; electricity. This book follows the not-uncommon practice of acknowledging the real figures behind companies&amp;rsquo; public personas, balancing consistency of character with the authority of the real home-service educator. The &amp;ldquo;Low Calorie&amp;rdquo; dressing recipe reflects a trend of the period, while the electrical appliances advertised throughout illustrate electricity&amp;rsquo;s potential uses to the reluctant housewife (or perhaps her reluctant husband). Though this book is undated, several copies selling online are dated 1953; this book is likely from that period.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Jesse Beaufort Hurlbert was born in Canada to Loyalist parents. He became Professor of Natural Science at Victoria College in Toronto in 1841 (Neill 82). The long title of this book is &lt;em&gt;Physical Atlas with Coloured Maps Showing the Geographical Distribution of Plants Yielding Food; Climates; Flora; Soils; Regions of Summer Rains; Geological Formations and Hydrography of the Dominion of Canada&lt;/em&gt;. Published in 1880, Hurlbert&amp;rsquo;s work opened with a preface expressing his frustration with misconceptions about Canada&amp;rsquo;s climate and fecundity. The Right Honourable W.E. Gladstone, he notes, called Canada, &amp;ldquo;Those huge ice-bound deserts of North America.&amp;rdquo; Other reports emphasized swamps, insects, and flooding. Hurlbert aimed to debunk these myths by showing &amp;ldquo;that the climates and productions of the Dominion are similar to those of the western central and north-western parts of Europe.&amp;rdquo; A fierce supporter of the young country, he argues that &amp;ldquo;the phrase &amp;lsquo;fertile belt&amp;rsquo; is no more appropriate to any part of North America than it would be to Europe. It conveys an erroneous impression, giving the idea that there is only a narrow belt fit for agricultural purposes in comparison with the vast areas north of the 49th parallel.&amp;rdquo; Hurlbert&amp;rsquo;s maps may be optimistic (few farmers in northern Alberta grow maize and grapes, for example), but they reflect a Canadian&amp;rsquo;s early attempt to raise his country&amp;rsquo;s profile through food.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27948">
                <text>1932</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
