<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<itemContainer xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/items?output=omeka-xml&amp;page=9&amp;sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CCreator" accessDate="2026-04-08T16:23:51-06:00">
  <miscellaneousContainer>
    <pagination>
      <pageNumber>9</pageNumber>
      <perPage>10</perPage>
      <totalResults>1402</totalResults>
    </pagination>
  </miscellaneousContainer>
  <item itemId="2664" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="2966">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/e957fc6b4dcd3096926cc8852db0cb43.jpg</src>
        <authentication>ef68217925853948942a1fce6c6bbb35</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="2967">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/08b4c70bf7dbadebf68e451fe1e0d806.jpg</src>
        <authentication>3a8dae94073f9d1686b47f9338ce8543</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35234">
                <text>Alchemist's Flight Manual</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35236">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle (artist)&#13;
Karin Fodor (photographer)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35247">
                <text>Accordion Fold. 6.5 x 30.5 x 2.5 cm.&#13;
N 7433.4 Q23 A6 A352 1996 </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35261">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle, 1996</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2673" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="2990">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/214a03da3211605b3f8966f6eefff715.jpg</src>
        <authentication>b8c044705b3c0e1741097233719240ff</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="2991">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/d251f90a8b27f0d2ab50762361dba3e5.jpg</src>
        <authentication>016b40e17a5ab8409fd3e89a8b06843b</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="2992">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/47cd4f53387ea2b03d2502cfe2920b79.jpg</src>
        <authentication>14dd885d71677411ba1498ad7284e2c1</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35290">
                <text>Consequence of the Earth's Rotation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35292">
                <text>Codex. 21.7 x 29.6 cm.&#13;
N 7433.4 Q23 A6 C755 1990z </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35293">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle (artist)&#13;
Karin Fodor (photographer)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35294">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle, not dated</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2684" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="3025">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/d982486f246dc1be9b025b657655896f.jpg</src>
        <authentication>233033b9de6c31cb62b7840a06731505</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="3026">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/4c0bca99636154d10c3f061c0950f256.jpg</src>
        <authentication>9f9968c8777380ea57eeb92b73ec805e</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35359">
                <text>Fly</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35360">
                <text>Codex. 17 x 16 cm.&#13;
N 7433.4 Q23 A6 F648 1990z </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35361">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle (artist)&#13;
Karin Fodor (photographer)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35362">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle, not dated </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2685" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="3027">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/707937a073363cc86067fbe030fd3d53.jpg</src>
        <authentication>44aa6b41bc7cbfc457b7554cc995cd26</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="3028">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/3fad5f298474007ca928168396377e91.jpg</src>
        <authentication>09b41e51891cb945b4ef492e9d14c617</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="3029">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/f7018cd07999d608bc5182ff7eaede16.jpg</src>
        <authentication>63e2b57869631b3cd7c04213d67e385d</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35365">
                <text>Garden Journal </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35366">
                <text>Codex. 20 x 20 cm.&#13;
N 7433.4 Q23 A6 Y39 </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35367">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle (artist)&#13;
Karin Fodor (photographer)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35368">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle, not dated</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2686" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="3030">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/5760c95408f83418e998eb8645fc9674.jpg</src>
        <authentication>0dc800ee71f2a95936fe14e0d1c98167</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="3031">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/86af97445451ea96db955d77eac288c3.jpg</src>
        <authentication>0ea2be2e6062a50a08f615425dd830bb</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35371">
                <text>The Years Since Hodgeville</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35372">
                <text>Codex. 20.5 x 27 cm.&#13;
N 7433.4 Q23 A6 Y39 1990z </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35373">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle (artist)&#13;
Karin Fodor (photographer)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35374">
                <text>Carolyn C. Qualle, not dated</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2691" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="3048">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/55f4c5a5bc3963704209719ee60e7b84.mp4</src>
        <authentication>e918df43849c24e76aec3fb55feec3ee</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35401">
                <text>Universe </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35402">
                <text>N 7433.4 M55 A6 U55 2006 </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35403">
                <text>Cathryn Miller (artist)&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35404">
                <text>Cathryn Miller, 2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35405">
                <text>16 x 23.5 x 9 cm (closed); 62 x 61 x 9 cm (open) </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35406">
                <text>Altered Book</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2687" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="3034" order="1">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/d7f5415623296a9b4bf25199b31cfc1e.jpg</src>
        <authentication>f0420d20e2556075798bdf0bb86453e8</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="3036" order="2">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/dce93fec4c88aa705ff089601789c7ea.jpg</src>
        <authentication>487b329cb9b30fc2144dacc4860c177d</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="3035" order="3">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/e74a85b0823a87919bd9d736e05720c5.jpg</src>
        <authentication>89508c6c627b1a9c468f2f6fcccb65c3</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35377">
                <text>Universe</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35378">
                <text>Altered Book. 16 x 23.5 x 9 cm (closed); 62 x 61 x 9 cm (open).&#13;
N 7433.4 M55 A6 U55 2006 </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35379">
                <text>Cathryn Miller (artist)&#13;
Karin Fodor (photographer)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="35380">
                <text>Cathryn Miller, 2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="3145" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="4184" order="1">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/972cfedfc811eea59f80f71fff293ae9.jpg</src>
        <authentication>9dc03f61ee4fe1a0c7c09786627b59a2</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4186" order="2">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/1da8455e07009e38f2626766330359fe.jpg</src>
        <authentication>559b05f7b2c3b4a35d0d833e07244c9b</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4187" order="3">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/c7105910f3af5e870658f497a902aeb7.jpg</src>
        <authentication>05b5411636e8c2b822a72b526b3c8cd8</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4183" order="4">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/fecd1d9cb6cace59890a1615f2bf6d2f.jpg</src>
        <authentication>cfe555f58bea6d5db4e6110a88ab4fd5</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4182" order="5">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/76ae1db724f720146ca4fd3cd978a47e.jpg</src>
        <authentication>5591f5f8dec76699369009b762d7837e</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4185" order="6">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/30432fdf18d2afd48ee4a5fe8dbc409f.jpg</src>
        <authentication>ca140aa5733a22f83a832f81dbbbc8ed</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4189" order="7">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/e941f0beb6616c913c473dc0c592380f.jpg</src>
        <authentication>e54fc772e18650364c528689fc07f183</authentication>
      </file>
      <file fileId="4188" order="8">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/b97925faab2f89af79d48a1b2cc1ce3e.jpg</src>
        <authentication>49a5956650a5fcb0c3aed47f073017aa</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="24">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="37060">
                  <text>Photographies</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37357">
                <text>The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37358">
                <text>Charles Darwin (author)&#13;
Oscar Rejlander (photographer)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37359">
                <text>1872&#13;
22.0 x 23.0 cm&#13;
QP 401 D22 G3 1872</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37506">
                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Charles Darwin is recognized as one of the early adopters of photography in scientific illustration, and much has been written about his use of photographs in the 1872 publication &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The photographs included as evidence for Darwin’s theories were taken by professional photographers and printed as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/collotype" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;collotypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, while some of the images were translated into &lt;a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/w/woodcut" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;woodcut&lt;/a&gt; illustrations&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Some were created especially for Darwin’s publication and others were already available.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;One photographer who worked with Darwin on this project was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/exhibitions/ngc/oscar-rejlander-and-the-beginning-of-art-photography" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Oscar Rejlander&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, who is often described as “The Father of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/exhibits/show/photograpies/works-of-art/1850-to-1900"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Art Photography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.” Rejlander fought for the recognition of photography as a fine art. One of his most well-known photographs, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/18132" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Two Ways of Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; (c 1857), combined over thirty different negatives to create an original composition, and was purchased by Queen Victoria for her art collection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Though it was important to Darwin to include photographs as illustrations of his work, largely due to the perceived evidentiary force of photography, scholars have shown that many of these photographs were manipulated in order to produce their desired effects. Oscar Rejlander’s photograph of a crying baby is one noteworthy example. Rejlander could not capture a clear image of a crying baby with the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnxT4WQsLLM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;wet collodion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; technology available to him, so he made use of a pencil to render the image legible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The photograph is also known as “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1394071/ginxs-baby-photographs-rejlander-oscar-gustav/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Ginx’s Baby&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;,” after a character in a novel by Charles Dickens, and it circulated as a popular print. This example thus also shows how photographs can take on different meanings depending on the contexts in which they circulate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Bruce Peel Special Collections houses a German edition of the book. A full scan of the English edition is available through the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/expressionofemo00darw/page/n3/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Internet Archive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1492" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="1537">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/ac90cb4c983d4ccc3b261ca040dedaa1.jpg</src>
        <authentication>c63e406d4d12cdcfc4854a01e5e5f5ef</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="5">
            <name>Omeka Image File</name>
            <description>The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.</description>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="74">
                <name>Bit Depth</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24025">
                    <text>8</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="75">
                <name>Channels</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24026">
                    <text>3</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="73">
                <name>Height</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24029">
                    <text>1262</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="72">
                <name>Width</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24030">
                    <text>844</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
      <file fileId="1538">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/d0bc7d2a0cc42befe6688e50632c6dab.jpg</src>
        <authentication>ffe7e0e031c1c18a9c70e7318b878f30</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="5">
            <name>Omeka Image File</name>
            <description>The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.</description>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="74">
                <name>Bit Depth</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24031">
                    <text>8</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="75">
                <name>Channels</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24032">
                    <text>3</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="73">
                <name>Height</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24035">
                    <text>1262</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="72">
                <name>Width</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24036">
                    <text>844</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24037">
                <text>How to Study and Pass Examinations</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24038">
                <text>Self-Help</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24039">
                <text>Chinaka addresses readers worrying about all-important examinations. His self-help pamphlet, &lt;em&gt;How to Study and Pass Examinations&lt;/em&gt;, shows that exams are not straightforward--the brightest students may score the worst and the dullest may score best. Instead, Chinaka argues that exams are like football, where practice, a cool head, and an understanding of exam tricks and techniques count more than raw intelligence. Most of Chinaka's 'tricks' ask readers to be neither under nor overconfident, to be sincerely interested in school material, and to read novels and newspapers. How to Study and Pass Examinations specifically recommends reading English materials in order to improve writing; mastery of English is the key to passing exams which are, in turn, the key to participating in high life modernity. The last half of the pamphlet devotes itself to examples of compositions (notably on citizenship, politics, and religion) and lists synonyms, proverbs, and possible composition topics. In addressing the modern anxieties of Nigerian students, Chinaka's pamphlet reveals the emphasis placed on Western-style education in 40s, 50s, and 60s Onitsha.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24040">
                <text>Chinaka, B. A. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24041">
                <text>Njoku &amp; Sons Bookshop, c/o 6 Arondizuogu Street, Fegge--Onitsha, Nigeria</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24042">
                <text>Popular Printing Press, 39 Amobi Street, Onitsha</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24043">
                <text>n.d.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24044">
                <text>Self-Help</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1493" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="1539">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/40b4a50b5ebc97e2d8d0f74eebe105b3.jpg</src>
        <authentication>cd878006c02589a5f659470940cf4288</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="5">
            <name>Omeka Image File</name>
            <description>The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.</description>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="74">
                <name>Bit Depth</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24045">
                    <text>8</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="75">
                <name>Channels</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24046">
                    <text>3</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="73">
                <name>Height</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24049">
                    <text>1262</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="72">
                <name>Width</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24050">
                    <text>844</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
      <file fileId="1540">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/56df126e4b70fa1bce0a7bc5471d1747.jpg</src>
        <authentication>01d3dab80d295da506a7a33a362e6355</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="5">
            <name>Omeka Image File</name>
            <description>The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.</description>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="74">
                <name>Bit Depth</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24051">
                    <text>8</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="75">
                <name>Channels</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24052">
                    <text>3</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="73">
                <name>Height</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24055">
                    <text>1262</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="72">
                <name>Width</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24056">
                    <text>844</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
      <file fileId="1541">
        <src>https://omeka.library.ualberta.ca/files/original/d4fe84dee3f0d405b295572a7e2c617d.jpg</src>
        <authentication>a09b862b45f5e7c2bd8566317586e960</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="5">
            <name>Omeka Image File</name>
            <description>The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.</description>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="74">
                <name>Bit Depth</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24057">
                    <text>8</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="75">
                <name>Channels</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24058">
                    <text>3</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="73">
                <name>Height</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24061">
                    <text>1262</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
              <element elementId="72">
                <name>Width</name>
                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="24062">
                    <text>844</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24063">
                <text>The Life Story and Trial of Awolowo and 23 others</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24064">
                <text>Political</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24065">
                <text>Chinaka's political pamphlet &lt;em&gt;The Life Story and Trial of Awolowo and 23 Others&lt;/em&gt; tells the story of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Awolowo was the leader of the Action Group, a political party once active in Western Nigeria, and was integral in Nigeria's independence in 1960. Chinaka divides &lt;em&gt;The Life Story&lt;/em&gt; into three parts. First, Awolowo divulges the details of his childhood and education in first-person. Despite his initial ambivalence about school, Awolowo aggressively pursues education even after his father dies and leaves his immediate family a poor inheritance. Here, Awolowo is a sympathetic character. His thirst for education (his father's instills in him an ambition to be a clerk in Lagos) typifies the ambition and class mobility important in Nigeria's high-life modernity. Second, the pamphlet reproduces court records and newspaper articles about Awolowo, though the sources are not properly cited. Finally, the pamphlet ends with a play that dramatizes the tension between Awolowo and his accusers in court. Despite being a political pamphlet, &lt;em&gt;The Life Story&lt;/em&gt; seems ambivalent about Awolowo and his Action Group. The story of Awolowo's education and struggles as a child incite sympathy, but the rest of the pamphlet stays silent about Awolowo's guilt and doesn't vilify Judge Sowemimo (who sentenced Awolowo to ten years in jail).</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24066">
                <text>Chinaka, B.A.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24067">
                <text>Njoku &amp; Sons Bookshop, ℅ Arondizuogu Street, Fegge—Onitsha/Nigeria</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24068">
                <text>All Star Printers, 19 Emodi Street, Onitsha</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24069">
                <text>n.d.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24070">
                <text>Political</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
